Visual perception is one of the most complex functions of the human brain. Every moment, millions of electrical signals travel from the eyes through the optic nerves to different regions of the brain, enabling us to recognise faces, read text, detect motion, and understand our environment. When this electrical “highway” experiences a disruption—due to disease, inflammation, compression, or injury—the effects can be profound. Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) is one of the most reliable and non-invasive tests used to measure the functional integrity of the visual pathway. Unlike imaging modalities such as CT or MRI that show structural abnormalities, VEP evaluates...

The human brain operates through electrical signals, categorized into different frequency bands that correspond to various cognitive and physiological states. Among these, delta (0.5–4 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) waves play critical roles in brain function, particularly in the frontal lobes, which are responsible for executive functions, decision-making, and emotional regulation. Abnormal activity in these frequencies is linked to various neurological and psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, depression, traumatic brain injury (TBI), ADHD, and neurodegenerative diseases. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a key diagnostic tool in assessing delta and theta activity, providing valuable insights into brain function and potential disorders. The Discovery of...

What is Autoimmune Encephalitis? Autoimmune encephalitis is a condition where the body's immune system mistakenly identifies proteins in the brain as foreign invaders and launches an attack against them. This immune response leads to inflammation of the brain, affecting its normal functioning. The specific proteins targeted by the immune system vary, resulting in different forms of autoimmune encephalitis.   Symptoms of Autoimmune Encephalitis: The symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis can be diverse and may manifest differently in each individual. Some common symptoms include: > Cognitive Dysfunction: Patients may experience memory loss, confusion, and difficulties with concentration and attention. > Psychiatric Symptoms:...

Physical activity and sports are essential for your physical and mental well-being. However, contact sports—although exhilarating to watch and partake in, come with risks of injury and bodily harm. Every year, thousands of sportspersons involved in contact sports such as boxing, rugby, soccer, hockey, ice hockey and others suffer from injuries to the head and other body parts. Repeated trauma to areas such as the head can also lead to diseases such as CTE or Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). What is Chronic traumatic encephalopathy? Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with repetitive head trauma, particularly in contact...